Lye Calculation: Experience in Soapmaking
Lye Calculation: Experience in Soapmaking Practical Approaches to Lye Measurement Soapmaking was once a craft passed down from generation to generation. Many soapmakers relied on traditional recipes and their own experience to determine the correct amount of lye. They knew the general ratios between fats (e.g., animal fat, olive oil) and lye (e.g., potash or caustic soda). However, calculating the exact proportions of ingredients was very challenging. There were several reasons for this. The Importance of Experience: Tradition Over Science Before modern chemistry, soap makers primarily relied on experience and tradition. Over generations, techniques and “rules” were passed down, based on trial and error. These rules were not scientifically precise, but they were sufficient to create usable soap. In the earlier centuries, chemistry was not as advanced as it is today. The exact way in which fats and lye react (saponification) was known, but there was a lack of a clear, detailed scientific understanding of chemical reactions and specific ingredient ratios. Absence of Stoichiometry Theory The theoretical foundation for the precise calculation of chemical reactions—known as stoichiometry—had not yet been developed. There were no established principles that would have allowed the creation of exact formulas for soap making. Instead, rough estimates were made. Lack of Precise Weight Measurement Tools There were no modern instruments for precisely measuring chemical substances (such as titration devices or modern scales). Simple scales were used, which only allowed rough measurements, and volumetric measurements (e.g., using bottles or cups) were also not always accurate. No Precise Temperature Measurements Temperature played a role in saponification (e.g., in maintaining the right reaction temperature), but precise thermometers were either unavailable or expensive and inaccurate. The lack of precise temperature control meant that the saponification process depended on experience and estimates rather than exact calculations. Inadequate Methods for Analyzing Raw Materials The exact composition of fats and lye could not be reliably measured. Chemical analysis of raw materials (fats, lye, water) was inaccurate, making it difficult to calculate the exact amount of lye required to completely saponify a specific amount of fat. No Reliable Measurement of Lye Excess In traditional soapmaking, it was difficult to measure the excess lye. An excess of lye could lead to a harsh, unpleasantly alkaline soap that could harm the skin, but this could not be easily quantified without specialized methods like pH measurement or titration. Lack of Control Methods Soapmaking relied heavily on the “feel” of the soapmaker. Many processes, such as determining whether enough lye had been added to completely saponify the fat, depended on visual and tactile cues that were not exactly measurable. The soapmakers not only had problems with the accuracy of the tools used, but also with the purity of the materials available. Fluctuating Fat Compositions Different fats (such as olive oil, beef tallow, or lard) have varying chemical compositions. This meant that the fat content and the types of fatty acids in each batch could differ. Without precise methods for determining the exact proportion of unsaturated or saturated fatty acids, it was impossible to make exact calculations. Different Lye Qualities Lye was often made from plant ash (e.g., oak wood or seaweed). The concentration of alkalis (potassium or sodium carbonate) in the ash could vary greatly. To test the quality of the lye, soapmakers would float it in water: the more lye was required, the heavier the solution was, and it would sink slowly. Variations in Soapmaking Soapmaking could vary greatly depending on the type of soap being produced. For example, adding different oils, herbs, or other ingredients would yield different results. The desired consistency and hardness of the soap also played a role and could be adjusted by varying the amounts of lye and fat. The Young Ladies’ Journal, 1896 Although they had to work with imprecise testing methods, varying quality of materials and sometimes only orally handed down secret recipes, these soap makers produced great soaps. Normal soaps for the commoner, cleaning soaps, cheap soaps for the poor and toilet soaps for the elite of society. The methods of the soap makers Use of Lye and Fat Tables As early as the 18th century, attempts were made to create tables for soap production. These tables indicated how much lye was needed for a specific amount of fat. However, these tables were often based on empirical data, as chemical analysis was not very accurate at the time. Potash (potassium carbonate), which was commonly used, could have varying concentrations. Simple Alkalimetry Tests Although modern alkalimetry was developed only in the 19th century, soapmakers knew simple tests to check the strength of lye. For example, they would drop the lye onto their skin to estimate its strength (a risky and inaccurate method). Or they used organic pH indicators like litmus or red cabbage juice to roughly determine the pH. Such tests helped assess the quality of the lye, especially since potash, made from burning plant ashes, was often uneven in strength. Empirical Control During the Process Soapmakers observed the chemical reaction during the process (called saponification). They checked the consistency and behavior of the mixture. For example, if a layer of fat formed, it indicated that the lye was insufficient. Before the advancement of modern chemistry, soapmaking was deeply rooted in experience and tradition. Techniques were passed down over generations, relying on trial and error rather than scientific precision. In earlier centuries, the lack of stoichiometric theory and precise measurement tools meant that soapmakers worked with rough estimates and empirical methods. Raw materials, such as fats and lye, varied significantly in composition and quality, making exact calculations nearly impossible. Instead, soapmakers relied on practical knowledge and observational skills to control the saponification process. Tools for measuring temperature, lye strength, and ingredient ratios were either unavailable or highly imprecise, leading to inconsistent outcomes. Despite these challenges, the intuitive methods and adjustments made by skilled soapmakers highlight the critical role of experience. Their ability to adapt to variations and rely on tactile, visual, and empirical tests ensured the production
Toxic Soaps
Dangerous Past Soap Ingredients and Why They’re Banned Ever wondered what went into soap centuries ago? From toxic minerals to questionable animal-based extracts, historical soap recipes were filled with substances we wouldn’t dare touch today. Dive into the fascinating—and sometimes horrifying—world of old soap-making ingredients that are now strictly off-limits. Animal-Based Ingredients: Cruel and Controversial Throughout history, animals were often at the heart of soap-making. Whether through exotic scents like musk and civet or fats sourced from slaughterhouses, these ingredients played a key role in creating lather and fragrance. Today, ethical concerns and environmental awareness have rendered these substances obsolete. Natural Musk: Extracted from the scent glands of male musk deer, musk was a prized ingredient for luxurious soaps. However, the process of obtaining musk often resulted in the death of these animals, driving them to near extinction in some areas. Today, synthetic musk provides a cruelty-free alternative. Civet: Derived from the perineal glands of civet cats, this musky scent was once used in high-end soaps and perfumes. The inhumane conditions under which civets were kept led to widespread criticism, and the ingredient has been replaced by synthetic or plant-based substitutes. Animal Fats: Fats from slaughtered animals, such as tallow and lard, were common in soap-making. While not inherently toxic, the reliance on industrial slaughterhouses raises ethical concerns. Many modern soaps now use plant-based oils, such as coconut or olive oil, as sustainable alternatives. Eichenmoos (Oakmoss): A lichen-derived ingredient with a woody, earthy scent, oakmoss was popular in historical fragrances. However, its potential to cause severe allergic reactions has limited its modern use. Mineral-Based Ingredients: A Toxic Touch of Color Minerals provided vivid pigments for historical soaps, but many came with a deadly cost. From arsenic-laden greens to cadmium yellows, these once-beloved colors are now synonymous with toxicity. Modern alternatives ensure vibrant hues without the health risks. Schweinfurter Grün (Paris Green): This vivid green pigment was made from copper and arsenic compounds. While it created stunningly colored soaps, its toxicity led to severe health problems, including poisoning from skin contact or inhalation. Auripigment and Realgar: These arsenic-based pigments produced brilliant yellows and reds but were highly toxic. Even handling these minerals could cause arsenic poisoning. Cadmium Colors: Bright yellows and reds were achieved using cadmium compounds. Cadmium is now known to be carcinogenic and highly toxic to the environment, making its use untenable. Neapelgelb (Naples Yellow): A lead-based pigment, it was once prized for its soft yellow tones. Lead poisoning risks have led to its complete ban in consumer products. Chemical Concoctions: Innovations Gone Wrong The rise of industrialization brought a wave of synthetic additives to soap-making. While some improved performance, others—like formaldehyde and phthalates—proved to be harmful to both people and the planet. These banned substances remind us of the fine line between innovation and safety. Formaldehyde: Used as a preservative in soaps, formaldehyde is now recognized as a carcinogen and a potent skin irritant. Its use is strictly regulated in modern cosmetics. Lilial (Butylphenyl Methylpropional): A synthetic fragrance ingredient once loved for its floral scent. It was banned in the EU in 2022 after being classified as toxic for reproduction. Diethylphthalate (DEP): Commonly used as a fixative for fragrances, DEP was later found to have hormone-disrupting effects. Public awareness and stricter regulations have largely phased it out. Ethanolamines (DEA, MEA, TEA): Used as pH stabilizers and foaming agents, these substances can react with other ingredients to form nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic. Salts and Acids: Corrosive and Harmful Borax: A common water softener and emulsifier, borax is now classified as a reproductive toxin and is banned in many countries for use in cosmetics. Chlorinated Lime: A mix of calcium hydroxide and calcium hypochlorite, this was used as a bleaching agent. It’s highly corrosive and poses serious risks to skin and eyes. Sodium Hypochlorite: Essentially liquid bleach, it was used in cleaning and whitening soaps but is highly irritating and unsafe for regular use. Sulfurous Acid: Used as a bleaching agent, it caused skin irritation and respiratory issues. Oxalic Acid: Historically used for bleaching, this acid is highly toxic if ingested and can cause skin burns on contact. Nitric Acid: Occasionally used in industrial soap-making, its highly corrosive nature made it too dangerous for continued use. Conclusion: The history of soap-making is a journey through trial, error, and, sometimes, danger. While early soap-makers sought to innovate, their reliance on harmful ingredients often came at a cost to health, safety, and ethics. Today, modern formulations prioritize both effectiveness and consumer well-being, ensuring that soap no longer poses hidden risks. By understanding the past, we can better appreciate the progress that has led to the safe, sustainable products we use today.
SOAP-ER KNOWLEDGE
Soap-er Knowledge Here you’ll find all blog posts about the history of soapmaking. AllgemeinHistoryTutorial Ancient soap recipes Read More HPTutorial Hot Process soaping – generations ago! Read More ChemistryHistory Carbonate Soaps Read More AllgemeinHistory Soapmaking in the centuries Read More
OFFBEAT SOAPING
Offbeat soaping Here you will find everthing about offbeat soaping. AllgemeinOffbeat Soaping Offbeat soaping AllgemeinHistoryOffbeat Soaping Alchemy in Soaping
Oldest known soap recipe!
Overlay mit Bild Oldest known soap recipe An approximate translation of the ancient Babylonian soap recipe. Ingredients: Water Ash from a fire Rendered animal fat or vegetable oil Instructions: Collect the ash from a fire and mix it with water. Boil the mixture to create a concentrated liquid. Melt the animal fat or vegetable oil in a separate container. Mix the concentrated ash liquid with the melted fat or oil. Allow the mixture to cool and solidify. Cut the solidified mixture into bars for use. Note This recipe is approximate, as the original recipe was written in ancient cuneiform script and may have included additional instructions or ingredients that have been lost over time. The exact proportions of the ingredients and the specific method of preparation may also have varied depending on the individual soap maker.
Alchemy in Soaping
Alchemy in soap making Magical Ingredients in Ancient Soap Formulations: Unveiling the Alchemy of Cleansing The formulations of ancient soaps continue to astound with their inclusion of exotic ingredients that transcend the simple blends of fats and ashes. Across diverse cultures, a belief persisted that specific plants, herbs, or minerals possessed magical cleansing properties. The addition of these mystical elements transformed the act of soap-making into a ritualistic and spiritual endeavor. The Mystical Art of Soap-Making in Ancient Egypt In ancient Egypt, renowned for its advancements in various sciences, soap-making took on a particularly magical quality. The use of natron, a naturally occurring mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, was prevalent in their soap recipes. Natron was not merely a cleansing agent; it held sacred significance, believed to have purifying properties that extended beyond the physical realm into the spiritual. The Spiritual Alchemy of Soap-Making in Ancient China In ancient China, soap-makers explored the magical properties of herbs like ginseng and lotus. These botanical elements were thought to enhance the soap’s ability to cleanse not just the body but also the spirit. The subtle fragrances of these ingredients were considered conduits for positive energy, creating a holistic cleansing experience. Alchemy of the Ages: European Soap-Making and Mystical Ingredients Interestingly, in the Middle Ages, European alchemists sought to combine the mystical with the practical in soap production. Substances like frankincense and myrrh, long associated with spiritual rituals, found their way into soap recipes. The belief was that these aromatic additions elevated the soap’s purifying effects to a higher, almost divine level. Unveiling the Mystical Legacy of Ancient Soap-Making The use of gemstones was not uncommon in some ancient soap formulations. In India, for instance, soap-makers integrated powdered gemstones like amethyst or moonstone, believing that the energy stored in these precious stones could transfer to the soap, imparting a sense of balance and tranquility during the cleansing process. Beyond botanicals and minerals, animal products also played a role in magical soap-making. In certain African cultures, the fat of specific animals, believed to embody unique spiritual qualities, was incorporated into soap recipes. This practice underscored the interconnectedness of the physical and spiritual realms in the art of soap-making. These examples illustrate the diverse ways in which ancient civilizations infused their soap formulations with magical elements. The alchemy of soap-making went beyond mere cleanliness; it was a conduit for connecting with the metaphysical and the divine. These examples illustrate the diverse ways in which ancient civilizations infused their soap formulations with magical elements. The alchemy of soap-making went beyond mere cleanliness; it was a conduit for connecting with the metaphysical and the divine. Intriguingly, these beliefs and practices persisted for centuries, shaping the cultural and spiritual significance of soap. While modern soap production is grounded in scientific understanding, exploring the mystical roots of this everyday item adds layers of fascination to its history. The magical ingredients of ancient soaps not only cleansed the body but also offered a glimpse into the spiritual tapestry woven into the fabric of daily life.